Spatial form factor for point patterns: Poisson point process, Coulomb gas, and vortex statistics

Point processes have broad applications in science and engineering. In physics, their use ranges from quantum chaos to statistical mechanics of many-particle systems. We introduce a spatial form factor (SFF) for the characterization of spatial patterns associated with point processes. Specifically, the SFF is defined in terms of the averaged even Fourier transform of the distance between any pair of points. We focus on homogeneous Poisson point processes and derive the explicit expression for the SFF in <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><a:mi>d</a:mi></a:math>-spatial dimensions. The SFF can then be found in terms of the even Fourier transform of the probability distribution for the distance between two independent and uniformly distributed random points on a <b:math xmlns:b="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><b:mi>d</b:mi></b:math>-dimensional ball, arising in the ball line picking problem. The relation between the SFF and the set of <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><c:mi>n</c:mi></c:math>-order spacing distributions is further established. The SFF is analyzed in detail for <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><d:mrow><d:mi>d</d:mi><d:mo>=</d:mo><d:mn>1</d:mn><d:mo>,</d:mo><d:mn>2</d:mn><d:mo>,</d:mo><d:mn>3</d:mn></d:mrow></d:math> and in the infinite-dimensional case, as well as for the <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><e:mi>d</e:mi></e:math>-dimensional Coulomb gas, as an interacting point process. As a physical application, we describe the spontaneous vortex formation during Bose-Einstein condensation in finite time recently studied in ultracold atom experiments and use the SFF to reveal the stochastic geometry of the resulting vortex patterns. In closing, we also introduce a generalization of the SFF applicable to arbitrary sets in a metric space.