A decision support tool for the selection of biophysical methodologies to assess urban nature-based solutions using regulating ecosystem services

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are cost-effective interventions that restore natural cycles while delivering environmental, social, and economic benefits. However, selecting appropriate biophysical evaluation methods remains a challenge, particularly in data-scarce urban contexts. Existing methodologies often lack guidance on method selection based on local data, resources, and technical constraints. To address this gap, this study develops a Decision Support Tool (DST) for selecting biophysical evaluation methods for urban NbS at neighborhood, block, or district scales. The DST is based on a systematic literature review (SLR) of 256 studies, which identified the most widely used methodology-empirical equations, computational tools, and monitoring systems—along with key constraints such as budget, timeline, data availability, and technical expertise. Using this analysis, decision rules were established to guide method selection under different resource conditions. DST comprises three components: (i) a feasibility analysis for NbS selection, (ii) a decision-making framework for biophysical evaluation method selection, and (iii) an ecosystem services index for scenario comparison. The methodology was tested in Bogotá, Colombia, within the "El Reencuentro" urban renewal project. Results highlight the importance of urban forests in delivering ecosystem services and demonstrate the suitability of simpler methods in resource-constrained settings. By adapting biophysical evaluation approaches to local conditions, this study provides a practical framework to support NbS implementation in urban planning. • The methodology adapts NbS evaluation methods to budget, time, data availability, and technical requirements. • When biophysical effects are well understood, assessment methods become less critical. • NbS effectiveness can be evaluated with limited data, supporting simpler methods. • These results can foster dialogue with stakeholders and promote NbS adoption in urban areas.