Causal Concentration–Response Modeling with Continuous Curves and Exposure Error Correction: PM2.5 and Mortality in the Medicare Cohort

The concentration-response curve between air pollution and mortality remains after adjustment for exposure error and using causal models and continues to concentrations below current US EPA and EU standards and even below WHO guidelines. Exposure error in the original exposure resulted in noticeable downward bias at low concentrations. Persons identifying as black are more susceptible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP15238.