Secondary Hypertension and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Due to Pheochromocytoma: A Pediatric Case Report

Pheochromocytoma is a rare adrenal tumor that stems from the medullary chromaffin cells of the gland and secretes excessive catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine), typically contributing to secondary hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertension may lead to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and can result in neurologic impairments, such as seizures and headaches. Although predominately benign, this tumor has a malignant potential. A positive prognosis is typically achieved when the tumor is surgically resected. The case presented involves an 11-year-old male, who experienced symptoms of PRES, secondary to a hypertensive emergency and was brought to the hospital. Diagnostic imaging and biochemical testing aided in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, and a surgical intervention yielded a positive outcome for this patient. Since pheochromocytoma, causing PRES, has rarely been published in the literature, the aim was to highlight the concurrence of both diseases.