From energy islands to EU grid: Baltic progress through the lens of the Energy Trilemma Index during 2000–2023

The article analyses how Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia’s positions on the Energy Trilemma Index (ETI), which assesses the national-level progress in three areas - energy security, energy justice and environmental sustainability - have evolved over the period 2000-2023. With reference to World Energy Council data, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the dynamics and challenges of the ETI components in the three Baltic States. The results show that Estonia has made the most progress during the period under review and is now among the top ten in the world in terms of ETI. In the meantime, Lithuania and Latvia have also significantly improved their position but face specific challenges such as high levels of energy imports or energy access problems. The study also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the ETI methodology.