Digitally Controlled Misalignment-Tolerant Inductive Power Transfer System with Adaptive Hybrid Compensation for CC/CV Charging of E-Scooter

This paper presents a digitally controlled Inductive power transfer (IPT) system for charging Electric scooters (E-scooters), utilising an adaptive hybrid compensation network design. This system ensures constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging, with misalignment. It leverages the advantages of double-sided inductor-capacitor-capacitor (DS-LCC) and LCC-series (LCC-S) topologies, which respectively provide CC and CV output. A Type-II digital anti-windup PI control method with a selectable compensation network is introduced, allowing both CC and CV modes to operate with zero voltage switching (ZVS) under misalignment conditions. This approach reduces system losses and enhances the stability and efficiency of the IPT system. A 270W/85-kHz IPT-based E-scooter charger was designed and simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and an experimental prototype was developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed charger as per SAE J2954 standards. Testing under three different coupling conditions perfect alignment, 5 cm misalignment, and 10 cm misalignment demonstrated that the output parameters remained constant across all conditions, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed control technique.