Navigating Governance Dynamics: Examining the Impact of Board Independence, Gender Diversity, and CEO Duality on Firm Performance

This study explores how three critical board characteristics—board independence, gender diversity, and CEO duality—shape firm performance, with particular attention to the mediating role of intellectual capital. Anchored in agency theory, stakeholder theory, and the resource-based view, the research proposes a comprehensive model connecting governance structures to market-based firm valuation. Employing a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach, the analysis draws on secondary data from 65 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) across multiple financial periods. Panel regression and mediation analysis techniques were used to validate the relationships. The results demonstrate that board independence and gender diversity have positive direct and indirect effects on firm performance through intellectual capital, whereas CEO duality exerts a negative influence, magnified by the erosion of intangible resources. Intellectual capital emerges as a crucial mechanism, translating governance quality into sustainable competitive advantage. By offering fresh empirical insights from an emerging economy, the study enriches theoretical discussions on governance and knowledge-based resources and provides actionable recommendations for strengthening board practices and enhancing the strategic management of intangible assets to improve firm value.