Small-scale heterogeneity of soil properties in farmland affected fava beans growth through rhizosphere differential metabolites and microorganisms

Overall, the integrated analysis of multi-omics revealed that soil properties heterogeneity at small-scale altered the rhizosphere differential microorganisms and metabolites, which functionally influenced fava beans growth and tolerance to environmental stress. Notably, even soil heterogeneity at such a small spatial scale can cause significant differences in plant growth, and the comprehensive explorations utilizing multi-omics techniques provide novel insights to the field management, which is crucial for the survival and sustainable development of humanity.