Spectroscopic photoacoustic denoising framework using hybrid analytical and data-free learning method

Spectroscopic photoacoustic (sPA) imaging uses multiple wavelengths to differentiate and quantify chromophores based on their unique optical absorption spectra. This technique has been widely applied in areas such as vascular mapping, tumor detection, and therapeutic monitoring. However, PA imaging is highly susceptible to noise, leading to a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and compromised image quality. Furthermore, low SNR in spectral data adversely affects spectral unmixing outcomes, hindering accurate quantitative PA imaging. Traditional denoising techniques like frame averaging, though effective in improving SNR, can be impractical for dynamic imaging scenarios due to reduced frame rates. Advanced methods, including learning-based approaches and analytical algorithms, have demonstrated promise but often require extensive training data and parameter tuning. Moreover, spectral information preservation is unclear, limiting their adaptability for clinical usage. Additionally, training data is not always accessible for learning-based methods. In this work, we propose a Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Denoising (SPADE) framework using hybrid analytical and data-free learning method. This framework integrates a data-free learning-based method with an efficient BM3D-based analytical approach while preserving spectral integrity, providing noise reduction, and ensuring that functional information is maintained. The SPADE framework was validated through simulation, phantom, in vivo, and ex vivo studies. These studies demonstrated that SPADE improved image SNR by over 15 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>dB</mml:mi></mml:math> in high noise cases and preserved spectral information (R > 0.8), outperforming conventional methods, especially in low SNR conditions. SPADE presents a promising solution for preserving the accuracy of quantitative PA imaging in clinical applications where noise reduction and spectral preservation are critical.