AMOEBA Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Guanine Quadruplexes: From the c-Kit Proto-Oncogene to HIV-1

Long oligomer sequences, rich in guanine and cytosine, such as <i>c-kit1</i> and the HIV-1 LTR-III sequence, are prevalent in oncogenes and retroviruses and play crucial roles in cancer. Understanding the conformational dynamics of such guanine quadruplexes and identifying druggable regions are therefore essential for developing new inhibition strategies. In this study, we used extensive AMOEBA polarizable force field molecular dynamics simulations combined with data-driven adaptive sampling and clustering algorithms, reaching a cumulative simulation time of 7.5 μs for <i>c-kit1</i>. Such simulations identified novel structural motives and showcased the flexible loop dynamics, as well as the role of polarizable water in transient stabilization of the G-quadruplex. They also identified two druggable pockets in <i>c-kit1</i>. The 400 ns simulation of the HIV-1 LTR-III sequence confirmed its quadruplex stability and uncovered a potentially druggable cryptic pocket.