Putting Racism Back in the Head

ABSTRACT Personal racism used to be widely considered a kind of cognitive defect, with racists being people with biased, irrational racial attitudes. This kind of epistemic “racism‐in‐the‐head” view has fallen largely out of favor in recent decades. Few philosophers have defended it, with many turning toward moral or socio‐political rival accounts. This paper offers a robust defense of the epistemic view. It advances a new, broader version, claiming: Personal racism is determined solely by the number and significance of one's biasing attitudes about racial groups. This bias centered view of racism avoids key problems with previous epistemic views. It also improves upon dominant moral and socio‐political views in accounting for a broader range of racist attitudes.