The Enduring Influence of the Late Medieval Conception of Universal Monarchy on the Theories of Governance in the International Community

Abstract This article explores the enduring influence of the late medieval conception of universal monarchy on the theories of governance in the international community. It argues that, despite shifts in vocabulary and institutions, the core idea that a supranational politico-legal authority governing international affairs is necessary for the pursuit of peace, justice, and the welfare of humankind has ‘haunted’ international legal thought and remains central to debates on governance. The analysis begins by examining 14th century writings on universal monarchy, highlighting both commonalities and divergences among authors. It then investigates how the discovery of the New World and the rise of Habsburg Spain shaped discussions on global governance and the role of universal monarchy. The article traces the evolution of this concept in the post-Westphalian period, where it adapted to new vocabularies and ideas. Additionally, it examines the revival of universal monarchy, particularly through the work of Hans Kelsen, and with reference to Dante’s De Monarchia, in the first half of the 20th century. In conclusion, the article argues that the essence of the late medieval idea of universal monarchy, centred on the notion of community through hierarchy, is still relevant today and continues to resonate in the discussion on theories of global governance (and their balance with state sovereignty).