Beyond Human Bias: An LLM-Driven Comparative Analysis of the Indian Penal Code (1860) and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023)

Abstract This paper attempts to present an objective comparative analysis of India’s criminal law frameworks, transitioning from the Indian Penal Code (1860) to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023). Recognizing the potential for bias in human analysis, particularly in the context of significant legal reforms, this study leverages Large Language Models (LLM) to ensure an impartial assessment. By utilizing the LLMs’ vast knowledge base and capacity for pattern recognition, this research tries to identify and analyze key differences between the two codes, focusing on areas such as punishment, definitions of crimes, and procedural changes. The study’s findings shed light on the evolution of India’s criminal justice system and contribute to our understanding of the broader legal and social implications of this reform.