A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TERMS «TOURISM» (SIYĀḤA) AND «VISITATION» (ZIYĀRA) WITHIN THE FIELD OF TOURISM (in the context of arabic, persian, and uzbek languages)

This study examines the phonological, morphological, and semantic evolution of the terms tourism and visit in Arabic, Persian, and Uzbek. In Arabic, «siyāḥa» retains the phoneme «ḥ» and signifies travel, while «ziyāra» is associated with pilgrimage and carries religious connotations. In Persian, these borrowed terms undergo phonetic changes, with «ḥ» shifting to «h» and «tā-marbūṭa» being replaced by «t», leading to semantic modifications. In Uzbek, influenced by Turkic phonetics, «yy» transforms into yyo, «ḥ» is realized as «h», and the construction «ziyorat qilmoq» acquires a stable meaning of «performing a pilgrimage» or «paying a respectful visit». These linguistic processes, shaped by Islamic cultural influence and the historical role of the Silk Road, highlight the phonological stability of Arabic, the semantic broadening in Persian, and the adaptive nature of Uzbek.