Anthocyanin-Based Photosensitizers: A Comparative Study of Natural Dyes in Enhancing Third-Generation Solar Cell Efficiency

This review examines third-generation dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), focusing on natural dyes due to their sustainability, non-toxicity and cost-effectiveness. It explores key natural dyes–chlorophyll and anthocyanin–alongside others like betalain, sepia melanin, lawsone, curcumin, clathrin and carminic acid. The extraction techniques from plant and animal sources, along with variables like pH, temperature, solvent selection and the source of extraction that affect dye adherence on the photoanode are also examined, evaluating the effects of dye concentration and the optimum conditions for dye application. The benefits and limitations of natural dyes in DSSCs for solar energy applications also addressed.