Progress in Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics: Paving the Way for Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease Management

Abstract Pharmacogenetic (PGt) testing has been extensively used in clinical practice to guide the use of specific cardiovascular medications, with cytochrome P4502C19 genotyping being the most employed method. This method helps predict the response to clopidogrel and aids in selecting antiplatelet medication following percutaneous coronary intervention. Other applications include determining the correct warfarin dose and prescription medications. Numerous randomized controlled trials and observational studies have provided increasing insights into the effects of genotype-guided cardiovascular therapies. However, there is insufficient evidence to support genotyping for medication prescriptions in many of these therapies. PGt may offer a way to personalize pharmacological treatment for complex conditions such as heart failure, reducing disease severity, and mortality rates. Nonetheless, extensive analytical approaches are needed to investigate the genetic basis of drug responses and combinations. This review emphasizes the data supporting the widespread implementation of PGt testing in cardiovascular care, illustrating how genotype-guided cardiovascular medications are utilized in clinical settings and exploring potential avenues for future growth.