Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study

Despite lowest burdens in high-income countries, disease dynamics were most complex in middle-range SDI countries, indicating that economic development does not linearly correlate with health outcomes. This comprehensive analysis unveils the multifaceted global landscape of T2DM-SHS, exposing critical disparities across gender, age, and socioeconomic contexts. The findings urgently call for targeted, context-specific public health interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to mitigate the escalating T2DM-SHS burden.