A modular design of Smart Street Lamps via Hybrid DDM-DSM

The global shift towards smart cities has made Smart Street Lamps (SSL) a critical component, facing challenges such as redundancy, high costs, and sustainability, necessitating modular optimization. Addressing the research gap, this paper presents a hybrid Design Dependency Matrix (DDM) and Design Structure Matrix (DSM) approach to SSL modularization. Expert insights generated a DDM illustrating user requirements to SSL component relationships. Subsequently, a DSM matrix was constructed to represent the structural interdependencies of SSL components. Clustering within DDM produced subclasses that aligned with customer needs, which informed the DSM sub-block formation. Geometric relationships between components informed the clustering and restructuring of DSM sub-blocks, achieving a configuration that balanced customer requirements with component interactions. The modularization strategy led to the categorization of 41 SSL components into three functional blocks, streamlining the SSL module division for enhanced functionality, dependency management, maintenance, reusability, and cost-effectiveness. This research significantly contributes to the strategic design and operation of SSL within smart city frameworks.