"Effect of Cd2+ substitution on the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Li-Ni spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel method."

Cadmium-doped lithium-nickel ferrite (Cd x Li 0.4- x /2 Ni 0.2 Fe 2.4- x /2 O 4 ) nanoparticles with doping content ( x = 0.0 to 0.3) were synthesized via sol-gel auto combustion technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have confirmed the cubic spinel structure. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer's formula, determined in the range of 37–29 nm. Field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) further estimates particle size at ∼100 nm which is well suited with FESEM results, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows spherical, agglomerated particles with sizes ranging from 117 to 90 nm. The magnetic characteristics of the nanoparticles have been investigated through the application of a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). A reduction in saturation magnetization (Ms) is highlighted by the magnetic characterization from 68.18 emu/g to 48.55 emu/g, alongside an increasing coercivity (H c ) trend from 92.96 Oe to 109.06 Oe. Furthermore, the dielectric constant ( ε ′) decreases linearly at room temperature but rises with increasing temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior.