<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> anti-osteoporotic effects of different fractions from <i>Xanthoceras sorbifolium</i> wood

The wood of <i>Xanthoceras sorbifolium</i> (XS) is used in ethnomedicine to treat bone pain. Osteoporosis is among the causes that may result in bone pain. XS was extracted with supercritical CO₂ to obtain a fraction CDF and XS residue; The XS residue was extracted by refluxing with ethanol, and the ethanol extract was concentrated to obtain a supernatant fraction (ES) and a precipitate fraction (EP); the major chemical components the fractions were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ES and EP effectively counteracted the dexa-methasone-induced delay in the calcification of zebrafish and promoted the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. ES upregulated oestrogen receptor 1 and osteocalcin, while EP downregulated myc proto-oncogene, matrix metalloproteinases 9, preproinsulin, and interleukin 6, promoting bone formation. ES and CDF decreased the abnormal aggregation of neutrophils. ES and EP's primary components also exhibited anti-osteoporotic activity, with myricetin demonstrating the strongest anti-osteoporotic effect.