Head and Neck Manifestations of Tularemia in Tyrol (Austria): A Case Series

<b>Background:</b> Tularemia is a rare zoonosis caused by the bacterium <i>Francisella tularensis</i>. In the head and neck region, it can manifest as cervical lymphadenopathy. Despite intensive therapy with various antibiotics, there is often a prolonged medical course. <b>Methods:</b> In this paper, all documented cases of tularemia in the head and neck region at the Medical University of Innsbruck (Austria) are analyzed and the results compared with the literature. A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with tularemia at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (Austria), was performed. Tularemia was diagnosed using a serologic agglutination antibody test. <b>Results:</b> Thirteen patients with tularemia presented at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (Austria), between 2010 and 2024. In 10 patients (10/13; 77%), animal contact or an insect bite was the suspected cause. The mean time from the onset of the first symptoms to diagnosis was 36 ± 15 days. The therapy took a mean of 5 ± 2 months until the last follow-up. On average, the patients were treated with 4 ± 1 different antibiotics. The median duration of hospital stay was 13 days (range: 0-36). In addition, a median of 9 (range: 2-20) further outpatient check-ups with several neck ultrasounds were carried out. Also, 10 patients (10/13; 77%) received a diagnostic and/or therapeutic surgical intervention. <b>Conclusions:</b> Tularemia is a rare infectious disease with a prolonged diagnostic and therapeutic course. Screening for tularemia should be performed in cases of cervical lymphadenopathy, especially if empirical antibiotic treatment has been ineffective or if there is a specific medical history.