Stem cells in canine osteoarthritis. Part 3: clinical evidence and practical considerations

Stem cell therapy is an emerging treatment for osteoarthritis in veterinary medicine, with promising results in clinical trials. This article, the final in a three-part series, reviews the current evidence supporting mesenchymal stem cell therapy for canine osteoarthritis, discussing methodologies, clinical outcomes and safety considerations. Various studies have demonstrated significant improvements in pain reduction and joint function following intra-articular or intravenous mesenchymal stem cell administration. However, challenges remain regarding treatment standardisation, dosage and frequency. This review also explores rehabilitation strategies, regulatory aspects and future directions to optimise the clinical application of stem cell therapy for osteoarthritis in dogs.