Traceability Method of Measuring System for Arbitrary High-Voltage and High-Current Impulses

High-voltage and high-current impulse waveforms, characterized by a diverse frequency spectrum, pose challenges for accurate traceability to national standards. Traditional methods for tracing impulse quantities to a single-frequency measurement standard are not universally applicable. This paper introduces a novel approach that establishes a general traceability method by mapping the impulse scale factor to a multi-frequency AC scale factor based on the energy spectrum, enabling indirect traceability to the power frequency standard under high-voltage or high-current conditions. A full-waveform inversion method is employed that integrates the frequency spectrum of measured impulse waveforms using fast Fourier transform (FFT) with the frequency response characteristics of the measuring system, which are determined through convolution based on square wave responses. This approach facilitates traceability of time parameters for arbitrary impulse waveforms. Experimental results demonstrate that the resistive impulse voltage divider's scale factor uncertainties at low and high voltages are 3.100×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> and 1.344×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup>, respectively. Additionally, the uncertainties for the T<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> and T<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> parameters of the inverted waveform of the attenuator are within 0.45% and 0.03%, respectively. These findings validate the effectiveness of our traceability theory.