Assessing the impact of high-performance computing on digital transformation: benefits, challenges, and size-dependent differences

Abstract High-performance computing (HPC) plays a crucial role in accelerating digital transformation, yet there is a lack of studies that systematically characterize its impact across different company sizes. This study addresses this gap by analyzing a cross-sectoral panel of 294 Portuguese companies, comprising 103 large enterprises and 191 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It was applied descriptive analysis and statistical hypothesis testing methods. Two key research questions guide this investigation. The first explores the primary benefits and challenges associated with HPC adoption, while the second examines whether these factors vary between large companies and SMEs. The findings indicate that the benefits and challenges of the HPC are heterogeneously perceived by large companies and SMEs. It identified significant differences in the perceived benefits and challenges of HPC, particularly concerning cost savings, decision-making, cost and skills management, lack of awareness, and workforce skills gap. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how HPC supports digitalization processes, highlighting sector-specific and size-dependent differences in its perceived value and implementation barriers. This study provides valuable insights for businesses, policymakers, and researchers seeking to optimize HPC strategies for digital transformation.