VIRAL EXANTHEMS IN CHILDREN: ETIOPATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, PATIENT MANAGEMENT IN OUTPATIENT PRACTICE

Viral exanthems are a common dermatological manifestation in children, often associated with viral infections, and represent a significant cause of pediatric healthcare consultations. The pathogenesis of these exanthems involves immune responses triggered by viral infections, leading to various skin rashes. Among the most common viral exanthems in children are those caused by influenza, enteroviruses, parvovirus B19, varicella-zoster virus, and measles/rubella viruses. These exanthems present with diverse morphological features, including maculopapular, vesicular, and petechial rashes. Timely diagnosis of these conditions is critical for appropriate management, as the treatment typically involves symptomatic care. Vaccination remains the most effective preventative measure, reducing the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and rubella. Clinical differentiation of these viral exanthems is based on their distinct rash patterns and accompanying systemic symptoms. The management of viral exanthems in outpatient settings focuses on symptom control, hydration, fever management, and, when necessary, antiviral therapy. Vaccination plays a key role in reducing the incidence of these diseases. Understanding the clinical features and pathophysiology of viral exanthems is essential for proper diagnosis and management, ensuring timely treatment and reducing unnecessary antibiotic usage. This paper highlights the importance of early detection, effective treatment, and vaccination strategies in the management of viral exanthems in children.