Compartmentalized Encapsulated Multienzyme Chitosan-Based Three-Compartment Microspheres Enable Orderly Multienzyme Cascade Reactions and Blood Sugar Control

Various active substances are encapsulated within microspheres’ independent compartments, forming an orderly system that can effectively improve chemical reaction efficiency and system stability. Herein, chitosan-based three-compartment microspheres (TCMs) were reported that encapsulate three enzymes in an orderly manner through a gas-shearing strategy. The TCMs can effectively enhance the efficiency of multienzyme cascade reactions, simultaneously controlling blood sugar levels and effectively scavenging ROS. The three compartments of TCMs independently encapsulated glucose oxidase (GOD)/insulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), corresponding to the insulin releasing unit, superoxide radical (•O2–) scavenging unit, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging unit. TCMs confine the enzyme cascade reaction within the same microsphere, significantly reducing the transmission distance of chemical signals and increasing the concentration of the reaction substrates. TCMs demonstrate a higher cascade catalytic efficiency than one-compartment microspheres (OCMs). In vitro experiments show that TCMs significantly reverse the increased oxidative stress. This high-efficiency multienzyme cascade reaction enables TCMs to promote insulin absorption and effectively control blood sugar levels in insulin-resistant cell model experiments. The multicompartmental structure of TCMs is capable of independently encapsulating multiple active substances, making them attractive carrier materials for biomedicine, food, and cosmetics applications.