How to Evaluate MADness Concerning the Valvular Apparatus?

Survey of factors and metrics involved in progression of mitral annulusdisjunction (MAD). At two levels there is clear interaction between the leftatrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV), manifest as mechanical/hemodynamic andelectrical signal transmission properties. LGE = late gadolinium enhancement. Future research should concentrate on the course of the clinical consequences, rather than on an almost unobservable MAD. .