Investigation of an extended single particle model incorporating electrolyte kinetics, temperature effects, and side reactions for improved battery performance simulation under high charge/discharge rates and low-temperature

The reduction in the maximum energy stored in lithium-ion batteries due to side reactions remains a significant challenge for practical applications. Traditional models, such as the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) and Single Particle Model (SPM), are essential for understanding and predicting these side reactions but suffer from high computational costs or insufficient accuracy under high charge/discharge conditions. In this study, we present an extended Single Particle Model (SPM) that incorporates electrolyte kinetics and temperature effects, which we call the Extended Single Particle Model with Temperature effects (ESPM-T). Furthermore, we integrate solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and lithium plating side reactions into the ESPM-T model, resulting in the Extended Single Particle Model with Temperature effects and Side Reactions (ESPM-T + SR). The ESPM-T + SR model demonstrates a 20 % improvement in computational efficiency over the DFN + SR model, with an error margin of less than 5 % for high charging rates above 1C. This model offers significant practical advantages for battery performance simulation and can be easily extended to address other degradation mechanisms . • A reduced lithium-ion battery model based on the conventional SPM is designed. • ESPM-T + SR model has higher computing speed and lower error than conventional model. • ESPM-T + SR model can improve fault diagnosis accuracy of battery management system.