Alarming decline in surface water quality: An assessment of ecological indicators in the Palar River, India

This study evaluates the surface water quality within the Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India, employing advanced statistical analysis techniques and spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and the adaptive Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS). The MFIS framework incorporates input membership functions, such as the Nemerow Pollution Index and Geoaccumulation Index, to assess water quality for both drinking and animal feed, with the Drinking Water Quality membership function serving as the output. It is significant to note that contamination levels, predominantly stemming from industrial activities and untreated sewage, are most pronounced in areas surrounding large industrial hubs and high-density sewage discharge zones. Seasonal variations further reveal heightened contamination in the alluvial aquifer before the monsoon season, underscoring the vulnerability of the aquifer supporting the Palar River. The study's findings serve as an urgent call to action for policymakers and stakeholders in water quality management, advocating for implementing sustainable water management practices to mitigate pollution and preserve water resources. By addressing the challenges posed by industrial pollution and seasonal fluctuations, this research contributes to achieving SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, offering a comprehensive framework for promoting social and environmental sustainability in industrially impacted regions.