Specific features of pharmacokinetics and pharmacological advantages of liposomal iron for women’s health

Prevention and management of iron deficiency conditions, including iron deficiency anemia (IDA), in women is an important global health problem. Iron deficiency affects not only the somatic, but also the reproductive health of women, and may lead to decreased fertility. Prevention and management of anemia in pregnant women is essential, as iron deficiency can adversely affect the maternal and fetal well-being. In Russia, anemia is found in 35.5% of pregnant women. The market offers a wide range of iron supplements. Biand trivalent oral iron supplementation is often the first-line prevention and management for iron deficiency conditions, as it is an easy, affordable and effective therapy option. These supplements are not always effective; intestinal disorders and inflammatory diseases may reduce iron absorption. In addition, adverse effects, first of all gastrointestinal (GI) ones, such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation often limit the use of iron supplements. The causes of GI mucosal injury include the direct toxic effect of iron ions on enterocytes, increased production of intestinal reactive oxygen species, and disruption of the gut microbiota. Intravenous iron therapy can cause iron overload, hypophosphatemia, potential risks of kidney injury and stimulation of atherosclerosis. Liposomal iron is a promising strategy for iron deficiency anemia management. Liposomes ensure absorption of iron from the intestinal lumen by the microfold cells (M cells) of the small intestine, and then by the lymphatic system, thus avoiding hepcidin control over absorption. Liposomal iron is significantly less toxic and is well tolerated by patients. Liposome properties are dependent on the phospholipids that form the lipid bilayer; sunflower lecithin is one of the promising alternatives.