DEM Simulation of Shear Band Induced Foundation Rotation Due to the Reverse Fault - Shallow Foundation Interaction in Different Soil Densities

During earthquakes, a pivotal process, known as 'fault rupture propagation' unfolds, involving the fracture of rock on the fault plane, advancing toward the ground surface. This phenomenon significantly affects nearby infrastructure upon contact with the ground. Shallow foundations, vital structures, that fall within their impact radius and their behavior while interacting with a fault should be studied. This study employs a 2D discrete element model, exploring reverse fault rupture-soil shallow foundation interaction in granular soils of varying densities. The research highlights the foundation's location as the most influential parameter affecting the characteristics of the formed shear band. Regardless of other factors, the shallow foundation consistently diverts fracture paths. As the footing's weight increases, this diversion intensifies. Regarding foundation rotation during faulting, increased weight and reduced distance from the fault's location generally mitigate rotation. Soil density's impact on rotation varies, causing a decrease in some cases and an increase in others. Also, by utilizing a proposed criterion, the safety of the foundation in interaction with reverse fault is evaluated and several tables have been made to predict the safety of the foundation under different conditions.