Numerical analysis of natural convection of ferric oxide-water nanofluid flow in a wavy staggered cavity energized by a chemical exothermic reaction

Over the last 28 years, numerous investigations have been conducted to enhance common fluids like water by dispersing nanoparticles such as Fe3O4. To examine the time-dependent natural convection of such nanofluid under the influence of exothermic reaction in tandem with other governing parameters, the Finite Element technique is applied in the current work. Controlling factors such as Ra (103 to105), Ha (0 to 60), Fk (0 to 4), enclosure wavelength (single wave, double wave, and three waves), magnetic field inclination angle (0o to 90o), and volume fraction of nanoparticles (0 to 0.08). The vertical wavy walls are considered at Th while the middle flat vertical walls are kept at Tc leaving all other surfaces at adiabatic condition. Results revealed that raising Ra to 105, when applying double waves at the active walls, was shown to have the most impact on the mean Nu, increasing by 142.85% for Ha=12, φ=0.02, Fk=1 at 5 sec. Additionally, Nuavg was found to increase significantly when Fk is raised from 0 to 4, increasing by 76.12% in the absence of magnetic effects for Ra=105, and φ =0.04. Also, an impressive impact of nanoparticles was achieved by increasing the volume percentage of nanoparticles in the base