Advancements in SS 316L TPMS gyroid scaffold developed for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Bone tissue engineering provides immense support for regenerating damaged or lost bone tissue, offering solutions to various orthopaedic challenges. A key focus in this field is the development of scaffolds that mimic natural bone’s intricate structure and biomechanical properties. This review article focuses on recent advancements in the design, fabrication, and posttreatment strategies of bioinspired SS 316L truncated octahedral periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid scaffolds developed using the selective laser melting (SLM) process. The primary objective is to achieve precise control over scaffold porosity to match Young’s modulus of natural bone, thereby enhancing biomechanical compatibility. Additionally, this review discusses posttreatment techniques, such as hydroxyapatite coatings, to improve mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Comprehensive mechanical, tribological, and biological testing methodologies were reviewed to evaluate the performance of the post-treated scaffolds. By providing insights into scaffold design, additive manufacturing techniques, posttreatment methods, and testing protocols, this review aims to contribute to the development of highly functional bone tissue engineering scaffolds with tailored mechanical properties and enhanced biocompatibility.