Evaluating the outcomes of inferonasal ahmed valve implantation using the double scleral tunnel technique in refractory glaucoma

In patients with refractory glaucoma, IN-AVI after failed trabeculectomy was as effective as the primary ST-AVI. Although IN-AVI after failed ST-AVI was effective in reducing IOP, it was significantly less effective than the primary ST-AVI. The prior failure of a trabeculectomy had no impact on the success of AVI. Conversely, a second AVI was less efficacious than the primary AVI.