Risk assessment of phthalate ester exposure from various cheese types produced and consumed in Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to assess the risk of phthalate ester exposure from locally produced cheese consumed by adults in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. A total of 435 adult participants completed an online questionnaire regarding their socio-demographic characteristics and cheese consumption patterns. Phthalate levels were analyzed using indirect gas chromatography in six types of local cheeses at three time points: immediately upon purchase, and one and two months after storage. The exposure dose was calculated by multiplying the concentration of the contaminant by the contact rate, and the exposure factor. This product was then divided by the body weight of the individual. The obtained results indicate that females, individuals aged 40-49, and those with a monthly income below 7750 Saudi Riyals (SAR) had significantly higher mean exposures to phthalates compared to other groups. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in total phthalate exposure was noted with longer storage times for most subgroups, except for non-Saudi participants, those aged 18-29, individuals with a secondary school education, and those earning below 7750 SAR. Overall, this study highlights specific vulnerabilities to phthalate exposure related to demographic factors and emphasizes the need for increased awareness and monitoring of phthalate levels in commonly consumed foods.