Landscape of policies, standards, approaches, and projects for EU food security: an overview

This review presents a comprehensive examination of the European Union's (EU) multifaceted approach to food security, focusing on the policies, standards, practices, initiatives, and national adaptations that drive the EU's food system resilience. Through frameworks such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Farm to Fork Strategy, and Food 2030, the EU has emphasized sustainable agriculture, supply chain resilience, and equitable access to food across its member states, ensuring food security while maintaining rigorous food safety standards. However, while these policies promote sustainability and supply chain resilience, their effectiveness is hindered by regulatory complexities, economic disparities, and compliance burdens on small-scale producers. This review also explores international and regional standards, including ISO and Codex Alimentarius, which uphold food safety and quality across diverse supply chains. National and local practices in countries like Austria and Finland illustrate how EU objectives are tailored to meet specific regional needs, emphasizing a flexible approach. EU-funded projects focused on food waste reduction, digital innovation, and climate resilience provide practical insights into implementing these policies and advancing the EU's long-term food security goals. By enhancing cross-regional collaboration, investing in digital tools, and addressing disparities in implementation capacity, the EU can further strengthen the adaptability and resilience of its food system, ensuring secure, sustainable, and affordable access to food for all citizens amid global challenges.