Optimization of Ph, Temperature, and Temporal Dynamics for Sustainable Bio-Protein Production from Lignocellulosic Sawdust Using Aspergillus Niger

compounds.A. niger is a key microorganism in solid-state fermentation (SSF), particularly for its production of industrially relevant enzymes like amylases.Its ability to penetrate solid substrates and tolerate low water availability makes it well-suited for SSF [2,3].While traditionally, -amylase production relied on submerged fermentation (SmF), recent advancements favor SSF due to its advantages, including low energy requirements, higher volumetric productivity, and minimal waste generation [2][3][4].Over the decades, A. niger has been employed for the large-scale production of compounds such as citric acid, proteases, vitamins, and bioactive molecules used in various industries [5,1,6].