Elucidating metabolites and biosynthetic pathways during musk maturation: insights from forest musk deer

This study annotates and defines metabolites in musk systematically, macrocyclic ketones (9.09%) and lipids (51.52%) were categorized unambiguously, suggesting that previous studies have underestimated the lipid content in musk, and critical role for lipid metabolism in musk gland development and odor profile formation. The high lipid content may reflect energy storage for glandular activity or serve as precursors for volatile compound synthesis, offering new mechanistic insights into musk maturation. Therefore, we preliminarily decipher the biosynthetic pathways of muscone and steroids through providing involved enzymes and metabolites. These results will deepen the understanding of the composition of natural musk and offer new theoretical insights to promote the comprehensive use of this resource.