Comparative clinical and morphological characteristics of synovial sarcoma in children and adults

This review compares the clinical and morphological characteristics of synovial sarcoma in children and adults (over 18 years of age). Russian medical publications do not provide statistical data on the incidence of synovial sarcoma in different age groups in Russia. However, according to available data, synovial sarcoma accounts for 4% of malignant soft tissue tumors in children and adolescents; the highest incidence is reported in patients aged 15–35 years, with males slightly outnumbering females. In children, synovial sarcoma is the most prevalent type of sarcoma other than rhabdomyosarcoma, accounting for approximately 30% of all sarcomas detected in childhood. Thus, this condition is one of the most significant challenges in pediatric oncology. Synovial sarcoma in children frequently affects the limbs, particularly the areas near joints, making early diagnosis difficult because symptoms can overlap with those of injuries or inflammation. Notably, synovial sarcomas in children and adults have several distinct clinical and pathomorphological characteristics. Tumors in children are frequently more aggressive, which is associated with high cell proliferation and an increased risk of early metastasis. In adults, the disease may develop more slowly, but it is more likely to be detected at later stages due to less severe symptoms. Clinical manifestations of synovial sarcoma include pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. However, these symptoms may be less severe in children, making timely diagnosis difficult. Pathomorphological characteristics of the tumor include a biphasic structure with both epithelioid and spindle cell components, necessitating a thorough histopathological examination to make an accurate diagnosis. Synovial sarcoma is a significant medical concern in both pediatric and adult oncology. Further research is warranted to clarify epidemiological data and develop effective approaches to early diagnosis and personalized treatment.