Dynamic interplay of plants, microorganisms, and arthropods: Exploring ecosystem

Plants, microorganisms, and arthropods continuously interact within the intricate system of the environment. These interactions can often lead to significant crop damage due to diseases and pests; however, there are also circumstances where microorganisms serve as necessary symbiotic plant partners. A range of beneficial microbes in the soil support plant development and health through direct and indirect mechanisms. These beneficial microorganisms, also known as “little helpers” are vital due to their ability to colonize various niches and their ubiquitous presence. Increasingly, such microorganisms are used as biological control agents and microbial fertilizers. They are specific to pests and diseases, with a minimal negative impact on humans and the environment. Plants face numerous environmental challenges and must respond appropriately to survive. Recent studies suggest that beneficial microbial biota in the soil can affect herbivores, highlighting the importance of these biological agents. Specifically, they can reduce the harmful effects of herbivorous insect pests, which damage plants are a major factor in global yield losses. Therefore, they are expected to be essential candidates to replace chemical insecticides in the near future. This review includes recent findings on many aspects of below-ground and above-ground plant-mediated interactions.