Improving landscape sustainability across urban and rural regions in a changing world

For instance, urbanization has resulted in the loss of natural habitats and agricultural land, alongside environmental pollution and other challenges (Huang et al. 2022).Regional conflicts-such as those between Ukraine and Russia, in the Middle East and across Central Africahave significantly disrupted local ecosystem structures and processes (Solokha et al. 2023).Climate change has intensified the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including droughts, floods, heatwaves, and tropical cyclones, thereby exerting profound impacts on landscape patterns (Meyer and Rannow 2013).To enhance sustainability at the regional landscape scale, landscape sustainability science has emerged by integrating landscape ecology, sustainability science, and other related disciplines (Wu 2013).Specifically, landscape sustainability science aims to enhance landscapes' capacity to continuously provide ecosystem services for maintaining and improving human well-being, establishing a research paradigm based on the landscape patterns-ecosystem services-human well-being nexus (LEHN; Wu 2013, 2021).To effectively address challenges facing urban and rural landscapes, there is an urgent need to strengthen the theoretical foundation of the LEHN research paradigm,