Are Next-Generation Batteries Ready for Marine and Offshore Electrification? A Safety Perspective

Abstract This work provides an analysis of a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of the next-generation batteries and highlights their critical safety concerns that must be addressed before adopting or deploying them widely in marine operations and offshore energy storage applications. The study examines the working principles and technological maturity of seven next-generation batteries: silicon anode, sodium-ion, lithium-sulfur, lithium metal, vanadium redox-flow, zinc-air, and solid-state batteries and their suitability for maritime use. A systematic analysis of recent major fire incidents involving electrified marine vessels (e.g., ferries and ships) has been conducted to extract key lessons necessary to improve the safety of offshore and marine electrification. The main causes leading to battery fire in marine environments have been identified and categorized into primary buckets of mechanical, electrical, thermal abuse, and mal-design. Further, the potential hazards and risks associated with lithium-ion and next-generation batteries were identified with a particular focus on thermal runaway hazards and toxic/flammable gas generation. The key intrinsic and extrinsic safeguards installed in lithium-ion batteries were elaborated. Finally, the challenges in the large-scale adoption of batteries in marine and offshore operations include a lack of technological readiness, limited safety studies, and a lack of fire safety management strategies available for the next-generation batteries. However, further research and large-scale field tests are needed to ensure safe operation and facilitate wider adoption of each technology. This work serves as a reference for enhancing onboard safety management strategies for next-generation batteries, which are anticipated to play a critical role in the future of marine and offshore electrification.