Transcription factor WRKY complexes in plant signaling pathways

Abstract WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have evolved as a plant-specific gene family. Growing evidences indicate that WRKY TFs play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. These TFs primarily recognize W-box cis -elements and to a less extent, WT-box. The binding affinity of WRKY TFs to these cis -elements is modulated by protein folding, post-translational modifications, and the nucleotide sequence adjacent to the core motif, including its methylation status. The interaction of WRKY proteins with receptors or as components of receptor complexes offers a potential shortcut signaling pathway for prompt and appropriate responses. Recent studies demonstrated that WRKY TFs can be targeted by effectors from pathogens and insects, leading to shared signaling events between these distinct invaders. Modifications of WRKY TFs by kinases or other regulators can alter their DNA-binding and/or transactivation abilities, thereby impacting the expression of target genes. Additionally, the formation of complexes involving WRKY TFs with other WRKY proteins or components provides valuable insights into the regulatory networks governed by this TF family. This review highlights recent advancements in understanding the interactions between WRKY TFs and other proteins or cis -elements, as well as their roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, metabolism, growth, and development.