The Role of Internet Penetration in Agricultural Development, Economic Growth and Development Index

The development of the internet and ICT-based technology (Information and Communication Technology) is currently the main focus of research, especially in the context of agricultural development which is expected to contribute to economic growth and the Human Development Index (HDI). This study aims to map empirical evidence related to internet penetration in the agricultural sector, economic growth, and human development in various countries. The approach used is a systematic literature study, involving 62 reputable journal articles and proceedings indexed by Copus, Web of Science, and published on Google Scholar. The reference selection process goes through a strict series, including the formulation of research questions (RQ), determination of inclusive-exclusive protocols, data extraction, and quality assurance of references recorded in reputable indexes. Extraction through the collection of important information, including the year of publication, main findings, and research results to map research topics and findings as a basis for theoretical and practical insights. The analysis results show that between 2015 and 2025, relevant studies are spread across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, with a wider cross-regional comparison. The findings suggest that internet penetration and ICT use in the agricultural sector can increase productivity, farmer incomes, and community welfare, which in turn contribute to improving HDI and economic growth. Internet and ICT penetration also play an important role in increasing economic growth and human development, especially in developing countries, although the challenge of the digital divide still exists. Therefore, policies that support the development of technology infrastructure and internet access, as well as cross-sector collaboration, are needed to maximize the benefits of technology in promoting sustainability and welfare. The study recommends policy interventions to expand internet and technology access in the agricultural sector, to support economic development and HDI, with special attention to technology equity in developing countries. Keywords: Internet penetration, digital literacy, Internet of Things (IoT), ICT policy in agriculture, economic growth, human development index, rural-urban digital divide.