Sex-specific characteristics of special endurance and performance potential in female runners

The KsA values obtained have remained stable for over four decades in national-level female runners and are applicable from world-class to regional levels. A sex-based analysis reveals that females undergo a more pronounced decrease in pace from 100 m to 1500 m in comparison to males. These sex differences in special endurance align with known variations in muscle fiber composition and fast-twitch type II fiber characteristics between males and females. In conclusion, we provide statistically valid KsA reference values for female runners from 100 m to 10,000 m. These values have practical implications for coaches and athletes seeking to assess runners' strengths, weaknesses, potential, and specific talents based on race times. Sex differences in KsA values may reflect muscle physiology and guide future research on KsA and muscle function.