The Challenge of the Yuck Factor in Public Acceptance of Engineered Living Materials

Engineered Living Materials (or ELMs) are an emerging class of materials that utilize microorganisms that can either generate their own structure (such as biofilms) or that can be incorporated into synthetic matrices using technologies (such as 3D printing). ELMs can be designed to have multiple functions, such as biosensing, self-repair, or bioremediation. Such materials have the potential to address a variety of problems related to sustainability, including water security, energy, and health. One major challenge to widescale social acceptance and adoption of these materials is the so-called yuck factor, or the propensity these materials may have to elicit disgust reactions. This Perspective provides an overview of social science research directed at the yuck factor to identify the drivers and demographics of disgust experiences and to examine how each of these are likely to arise in relation to ELMs. Strategies for overcoming these challenges are also addressed. Finally, areas where future empirical research is needed to better understand disgust toward ELMs, or particular ELM applications, are identified.