Advances in Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications for Intracranial/Extracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques and White Matter Hyperintensities

Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), as pivotal components of artificial intelligence (AI), are revolutionizing precision medicine through their robust learning capabilities and image recognition functions. These technologies have significantly impacted disease diagnosis, therapeutic evaluation, prognosis prediction, and survival analysis. This review synthesizes recent advances in ML and DL applications for intracranial/extracranial atherosclerotic plaques and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), while critically analyzing current challenges and future directions.