Toward AV-CAV deployment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A readiness assessment based on expert feedback

Autonomous Vehicles and Connected Autonomous Vehicles (AVs-CAVs) technology holds great promise in driving the transportation sector toward achieving net-zero emissions, particularly when integrated with policies that encourage low-carbon travel options, efficient infrastructure, and renewable energy use. This paper assesses the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's readiness for the deployment of AV-CAV by examining five key areas: policy and legislation, technological innovation, infrastructure, consumer acceptance, and social and environmental impact. Using a survey-based methodology, experts from various sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including government, academia, and private industry, provided insights into the nation's strengths and areas for development. The results show significant government investment in AV-CAV technology and active pilot projects, such as NEOM and autonomous aerial taxi services for pilgrims during the Hajj season. However, critical gaps exist in regulatory frameworks, cybersecurity, data privacy, and infrastructure, which could hinder the large-scale adoption of AV-CAV. Public acceptance is moderate, with concerns about security and a lack of awareness affecting overall confidence in AV-CAV technologies. The study concludes that improving regulatory clarity, expanding digital infrastructure, fostering global partnerships, and promoting shared AV-CAV mobility models are essential to ensure a smooth and sustainable transition to AV-CAV systems. These efforts will maximize economic, environmental, and social benefits, aligning with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 objectives.