A lunar water ice high-conservation drilling system using frozen carbon dioxide spray cooling method: a numerical investigation

• Frozen CO 2 spray cooling realizes the lunar water ice high-conservation drilling. • Numerical modelling of the frozen CO 2 generation and heat exchange subsystem. • Effects of design, flow/thermal states, and operation modes on water ice sublimation. Investigating water ice content at different locations on the Moon is crucial for crewed space missions and serves as a foundation for establishing lunar bases, which necessitates lunar soil sampling to gather information. Aiming to minimize the water ice loss caused by heat generation during drilling, this paper proposes a water ice high-conservation sampling system based on frozen CO 2 spray cooling. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic models of the frozen CO 2 generation subsystem and heat exchange subsystem are established. The impact of design parameters, flow and thermal conditions, and operation modes on water content has been analyzed. The spray cooling method indirectly affects the lunar soil temperature by reducing the drill bit temperature to increase the water conservation ratio (WCR) during drilling. The method combines frozen CO 2 sublimation heat flow and jet cooling flow. Jet cooling is closely associated with the temperature difference between the fluid and the drill bit, as well as the flow velocity. Meanwhile, sublimation heat flow depends on the temperature difference between the drill bit and the saturation temperature of frozen CO 2 , along with the content of frozen CO 2 . Jet cooling is predominant at lower mass flow rates, while sublimation cooling prevails at higher rates. In addition, the time the lunar soil is at low-sublimation temperature is an important factor in WCR. Thus, to increase WCR, one can enhance flow velocity by reducing the nozzle diameter, raise sublimation heat flow by increasing mass flow and lowering the initial temperature, and maintain lunar soil at low-sublimation temperatures by increasing cooling time, duty ratio and decreasing the cooling period. Among others, increasing the cooling time has the most significant effect. The increasing slopes of WCR with cooling durations are about 20 %/100 s (at 0.4 g/s, liquid CO 2 ) and 10 %/100 s (at 0.1 g/s, liquid CO 2 ). However, the cooling time should not exceed the drilling time. This study provides an effective water ice conservation system that is useful for other planetary sampling missions.