Hypertension and encephalopathy in a pediatric patient following red blood cell transfusion

Though this case had features of both RCVS and PRES, his hypertension and encephalopathy were in retrospect most consistent with PRES. This case highlights both the diagnostic challenges related to and important features of transfusion-related cerebral pathology, including large volume red blood cell transfusion for severe chronic anemia, even when administered over multiple days. Prompt recognition of transfusion-related neurologic disease is critical for appropriate management.